Bio 101 lab practical study guide

                         
​    lab practical I: wednesday, october 18th

in addition to reviewing the pre-labs and any questions found on the protocols...
please understand how/why and/or be able to:

lab 1  metric measurements/scientific method:
 measure and record weight, length, volume and temperature in the metric system.
 convert numbers to scientific notation.
 convert from one metric measurement to another ex:      10ml = _____ l
 explain the steps to the scientific method.
 explain/identify independent variables, dependent variables, controls.

lab 2 serial dilutions/spectrophotometer:
 complete a problem asking you to determine a factor in a serial dilution such as...
      *you are starting with 5 liters of a 2 g/L solution of NaCl.
       you need to dilute it to create a 3 liters of a 1 g/L solution of NaCl.
       how would you do this? 
       the problem on the assessment will be different from this one...this is just an example. 
 measure absorbance using a spectrophotometer.
 explain how a spectrophotometer works and various uses of this machine.

 lab 3 pH:
 know the difference between an acid and a base
 know how pH is measured (remember the number represents a negative exponent...
                                                    pH of 6 = -log of concentration of H+ = 10*-6  
                                                    so each step up/down in pH represents a ten fold difference. 
 be able to explain buffer, neutralization reaction, and why optimum pH conditions are necessary                                                          for protein function  

​lab 4  enzyme mechanics:
 understand why ONPG was used as the substrate in this lab.
 understand the effect temperature has on enzyme activity and why/how we quantified ONPG                                                                  hydrolysis with the spectrophotometer.

​lab 5 microscopy and microscopic organisms:
 correctly use the microscope to see images under 40, 100 and 400x.
 explain how the field of view, depth of focus, and light intensity changes from 40-400x.
 identify/compare/contrast plant vs animal cells. 
 identify microscopic organisms and their structures.

lab 6 osmosis/diffusion:
 define solute, solvent, solution, diffusion, osmosis, concentration gradient.
 differentiate between iso/hyper/hypotonic systems and how they react in solutions.
 describe/identify plasmolysis.
 be able to explain the results of the portion of lab that tested the process of diffusion across a                                             selectively permeable membrane = dialysis

lab 7 anaerobic  respiration:
 explain the basic process of fermentation including the reactants and products of our lab.
                               what was measured? how was this measured? why was this measure?
 how is fermentation different from aerobic respiration in terms of energy yeild?
 know how the formula for anaerobic respiration in yeast differs from the formula for animal cells.
 how is the rate fermentation affected by substrate concentration?
 what was the role did the inhibitor play in this lab?

lab 8 photosynthesis:
 know the balanced formula for photosynthesis
 the data you collected using the spectrophotometer was graphed absorption v wavelength.
                              explain what the graph showed.
 what were the four pigments separated via paper chromatography? identify each on
                              chromatography paper.
 how does phenol red identify an acidic v basic solution? why does pH drop when CO2 is added and
                              rise when CO2 is removed?   
​   

                    lab practical II: wednesday, december 6th

    understand how/why and be able to:
    identify the stages of mitosis (both animal and plant) and explain activity in each stage.                         explain the purpose of mitosis.
    explain why interphase is not really the "resting stage".
    explain why we would choose a fish blastula in which to study stages of animal mitosis.
    explain why we would choose a  root tip of an onion plant to study stages of plant mitosis.  

      do you know...
       what a homologous chromosome is?
       what an allele/gene/homozygote/heterozygote is?
       what the difference is between genotype and phenotype?
        how to complete a monohybrid/dihybrid/sex-linked cross?
        what the difference is between autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive genes?
        how blood type is inherited...both the ABO gene and the Rh Gene?
         how blood transfusions work, like what happens if a person with blood type A
                        is given type B in a transfusion by mistake...?
         what epistasis is and how does it work?
         what X-inactivation is and how does it happen?

    re our biotech lab...
    do you know...
    what is a gmo? give an example of a modified crop and specify the gene that was                                              modified/inserted/deleted 

    explain one reason GMOs are considered unsafe and one reason GMOs are considered helpful
                to humans or the environment. 
    how a PCR machine works...what is the process?
    what components are necessary to produce replicated DNA?
    what Taq polymerase is and why it is important to use this enzyme?
    how DNA fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis?
    why DNA fragments move to the + cathode during electrophoresis?
    how to determine fragments size and the potentially determine the origin of an unknown
​        sample?
    the reason for using a DNA ladder/DNA marker in gel electrophoresis?
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