Bonding Types:
​Ionic                     Covalent            Hydrogen

    ​    Covalent Bonds

 General Chemistry

Oxygen is more electronegative (higher affinity for electrons) than Hydrogen so electrons are unevenly shared, spending more time in the electron cloud around the Oxygen nucleus than the Hydrogen resulting in a polar covalent bond. This causes Oxygen to exhibit a partial negative charge the the Hydrogen to exhibit a partial positive charge. 

fyi...

 Carbon

btw...
Electrons carry a negative charge =  1.6 × 10−19 coulombs.
(Coulombs are the basic unit of electric charge 1 amp/sec.)
The mass of an electron =  9.1093837015 × 10−31 kg. Yikes  that's teensy. It's only 1/1,836 the mass of a proton.

   There can be strong or weak acids and bases...
HCl is a strong acid because it dissociates almost completely in water releasing H+. 
Acetic acid (CH3COOH...vinegar is 6% acetic acid in water) is a weak acid because it does not dissociate well in water.
Bases containing OH- are considered strong, like ​NaOH, because they also dissociates almost completely water but they release OH-. what does that do to the pH? Why?

    ​    Hydrogen Bonds

    ​    Ionic Bonds

 A solvent is a substance that dissolves  solute particles.
​  A solute is a substance that is dissolved by a solvent.

 The outermost orbital shell of an atom is called its
​valence shell, and the electrons in the valence shell are valence electrons. Valence electrons are the highest energy electrons in an atom and are therefore the most reactive.

check out the OH-
​which is an hydroxyl group

   isotopes

 Na (sodium) atomic number = 11

  Cl (chlorine) atomic number = 17  

is it just about H+?

    ​       pH

at pH 7
H+ and OH- concentrations are =

    ​              Properties of Water

 Hydrogen bonds have about a tenth of the strength of an average covalent bond

   and if that homeostasis goes wonky...

fyi...

 Electron orbitals (identified via quantum mechanics)
 predict where an electron might be at any given time.   The number of orbitals increases as the atomic number increases. 

btw...
 The isotope with the longest known half-life is
tellurium-128, with a half-life of 2.2 septillion years.

​SEPTILLION!!!

 Hydrogen bonds are strong intermolecular forces created when a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative atom (polar covalent bond)  is attracted to a nearby electronegative atom. 

   It is important for cells/tissues maintain pH homeostasis.
The pH of the human body ranges between 7.35 to 7.45, with the average at 7.4  

    Nonpolar

An element's atomic number (#protons/# electrons)   is the number listed here at the upper left of each symbol. The atomic mass (#protons + # neutrons) is the number listed below the symbol. Carbon (C) has an atomic number or 6 and an atomic mass of 12.01
Why not 12?? We'll answer this next class...

in an aqueous solution,
​as H+ concentration increases, OH- concentration decreases.

Hydrogen Bonds can only occur between two polar molecules. Why?

remember, a negative exponent
= a fraction    ex. 10*-3 = 1/1000

 Carbon-14 
​is a radioactive isotope of carbon with an atomic nucleus containing 6 protons and 8 neutrons. Every 5,730 years, the radioactivity of carbon-14 decays by half which is called its half-life, a fact used during
Carbon Dating.

          
​            Acidosis occurs when your body cannot remove acid from your tissues.

  Lactic acidosis occurs when too much lactic acid builds up in your blood.
  Diabetic acidosis occurs when too many ketone acids build up in your blood. 
             Without enough insulin (diabetes) wnich allows cells to utilize glucose for                          "food", the body begins to break down fat instead of glucose. This causes a                           buildup of acids in the bloodstream called ketones
 Renal tubular acidosis occurs when your kidneys retain too much acid and that acid
             is returned to your blood.
 Respiratory acidosis occurs when your lungs don’t get rid of enough CO2. CO2                               concentration affect pH.
                               CO2 + H2O ---> H2CO3 ---> H+   +   HCO3- 

   isotopes are variations of elements that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. 

   The pH scale measures how much H+ is in a solution.
A lot of Hydrogen = low pH # = an acidic solution = an acid
Less hydrogen = a higher pH = a basic (alkaline) solution = a base

    Polar

   What do the pH numbers really mean?

btw...
 an atom of C14 decays into an atom of 14N. one of the neutrons in the carbon atom becomes a proton increasing the number of protons in the atom and creating a nitrogen atom rather than a carbon atom.

since we're talking about the concentration of H+,

is 10*-4 (or 1/10,000

or 1 per 10,000)
a larger or smaller concentration than 10*-2 (or 1/100 or 1 per 100)?

10*-4 equates to pH 4
10*-2 equates to pH2

   next up...biologically relevant molecules ;)