Normal saline solution can be administered via an IV.  0.9% Normal Saline is one of the most common IV fluids along with Ringer's and Plasma-Lyte (less sodium than NS + other electrolytes). These IVs are given when hydration is necessary; hemorrhage, vomiting, diarrhea,  acidosis, or shock to name a few.
Why would you as a medical provider give your patient a 
​saline IV drip instead of a drip of plain water?

3. a lack of contact inhibition

clinical/non-clinical drugs and neurotransmitter action

other terms:
spindle fibers
​centrioles
cleavage furrow
​cytokinesis

improper cell adhesion results in many diseases such as arthritis, atherosclerosis, osteoporosis and cancer. cancer cells have few adhesion proteins which allow these cells to mess up tissue structure and metastasize to other tissues. 

Mesenchymal (adult/non-embryonmic) Stem Cells
1. Bone marrow is the main source of MSCs
(multipotent SC) 
2. Cord cells/hematopoietic stem cells
3. Tooth bud of 3rd mandibular molar
4. Amniotic fluid/placental cells

energy
​output required
​ by cell

1. Totipotent stem cells can form all the cell types in a body, plus the placental cells. Embryonic cells within the first couple of cell divisions after fertilization are the only cells that are totipotent.
2. Pluripotent stem cells can give rise to all of the cell types that make up the body; stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastula are considered pluripotent.
3. Multipotent stem cells can develop into more than one cell type, but are much more limited than pluripotent cells; adult stem cells and cord blood stem cells are considered multipotent.

Transport Protein: Channel 

example: insulin

----------------------------------------------------------------------

  there isn't an 
  Ethical Consistency
between the unregulated use of embryos for IVF and the societal outrage when discarded IVF embryos are used in stem cell research 

Induced pluripotent stem cells/IPSCs
genetically reprogram genes in adult cells
to act similarly to embryonic stem cells.
Adverse effects (cancers) a major concern.

end of cell structure/function

animal

passive transport

this info will be on assessment #1

active transport

protist

btw...

clinical depression
=
neurotransmitter deficiency

why don't all cells have the same structure?

btw...

btw...

why is crossing over sooo important??

SSRIs work to maintain normal levels of serotonin in the cleft.

SSRIs are commonly called anti-depressants

if ligand = hormone 

Cell Function: Cell Division
 1. Mitosis = division of somatic cells resulting in two x 2n daughter cells
2. Meiosis = division of germ cells resulting in production of 4 x 1n cells

1. Mitosis 

actual apoptotic pathway

click on Cells Alive ->
​to explore the cell

prokaryotic cell
(bacteria):
​no nucleus

btw...

Cancer = unregulated mitotic growth

eukaryotic vs prokaryotic cells

btw...

4. ​a lack of differentiation

we will explore this topic in lab Wednesday, 9/20

btw...

current/potential therapies

1. Cell Membrane Transport Proteins
are proteins which permit ions or molecules to enter/exit the cell via passive or active tranport. 

btw...

There is an association between the HLA genes) and autoimmune diseases. Components of the HLA class II encoded HLA-DRB1-DQA1-DQB1 haplotype has ​been linked to several AIDs such as rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes and Graves' disease.

 cell ​membrane proteins:
 1. transport    2. receptor    3. recognition    4. adhesion

 Stem Cells:
​1. totipotent   2. pluripotent   3. multipotent

with a very dynamic phospholipid bilayer

this info will be on assessment #1

btw...

quicky apoptotic pathway

the MHC
​(major histocompatibility complex) is different for every person which is why organ/tissue transplants are difficult. Cells with MHC proteins
(= antigens & recognition proteins)
that are different from "self" are attacked by the immune system which does not recognize them as self but as foreign invaders and therefore dangerous. 

btw...

cell structure matches cell function.
​a muscle cell has a very different structure AND function ​vs a nerve cell.
a plant cell differs significantly from a bacterial cell.  

2. Meiosis

              channel proteins may:
1. always open              OR

2. be gated
     a. ligand gated: require a ligand molecule to            bind to it to open the channel
     b. mechanically gated: require pressure to
          pop open channel
     c. voltage gated: requires an electrical
          impulse to trigger it to open

The Endocannabinoid (EC) System
Cannabinoids are naturally occurring molecules. They interact with neuron receptors in a sort of backward way. Cannabinoids are released by postsynaptic neurons and travel to the presynaptic neuron where they attach to cannabinoid receptors to modulate that neurons release of neurotransmitters. By acting on presynaptic cells, they act as a “dimmer switch” for these neurons, reducing the amount of neurotransmitter they release.  THC from marijuana overtakes the EC system by attaching to cannabinoid receptors throughout the brain and other parts of the body, interfering with the fine tuning of the naturally occurring cannabinoids. Cannabinoid receptors are all over the body so THC intake results in many alterations throughout the body.
(Cannabis sativa's active ingredient = delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC))

cell adhesion proteins permit cells to stick  to one another and/or to the extracellular matrix. these molecules are essential for cell to cell communication and play a rile in cellular reproduction and differentiation. 

no energy
​output required
​by cell

 1. increased angiogenesis

btw...

During Interphase each of he 46 chromosomes replicate
Chromosomes while attached to their copy at the centromere are called chromatids

The presence of membrane recognition proteins (antigens)  creates a problem during organ transplantation. In order to try to transplant an organ or tissue from one person to another, the donor must be a close match with regards to these antigens. A person’s HLA complex is genetically inherited from their parents (50% from each parent), so you are more likely to have stronger matches with your siblings than with a random member of the population. Each pair of siblings still only has a 25% chance of matching perfectly. Having a perfect match with an unrelated person is < 1 in 100,000.
Thus, the closer the match between two people (think identical twins), the less likely the recipient’s immune system will attack the donor’s cells. Sometimes our WBC’s attack our own cells which causesd an auto-immune condition/disease. The WBCs cannot distinguish between cells that belong and cells that do not and so develop antibodies against its own body's cells. 

types of neurotransmitters

if ligand = neurotransmitter 

btw...

Transport Protein: Carrier

btw...what's exocytosis?

2. Cell Membrane Receptor Proteins
are cell surface proteins which permit hormones or neurotransmitters  to attach to the surface of a cell. ​Hormones and neurotransmitters are called ligands. When they bind to the receptor proteins, the activity of the cell to which they attach is altered. ​This is called signal transduction. Receptor sites are specific. There are different receptor sites for different hormones and neurotransmitters. A cell might have 20 different types of receptor sites while another might have just one.  The type of receptor site a target cell has determines what type of hormone or neurotransmitter can affect (or not affect) the cell.

3. Membrane recognition proteins
are also called antigens, cell identity markers, Major Histocompatibility Proteins (MHC’s) or Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLAs).  We all have a unique set of these proteins on the surface of our  cells.
​  They permit your immune system's WBCs to identify which cells belong to you vs which ones do not.
This is helpful when you are infected with bacteria or viruses or foreign parasite.

btw...

2. abnormal nuclei

plant

two primary categories of cells:
prokaryotic and eukaryotic

btw...

btw...

btw...

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that binds to specialized dopamine receptors on a post synaptic neuron. Transporter proteins remove dopamine from the synapse to be recycled for future use. Cocaine acts by binding to the dopamine transporter, blocking the removal of dopamine from the synapse. As dopamine accumulates in the synapse, it amplifies the neurotransmitter's actions. 

Eukaryotic cells:
​ animal, plant, protist, fungi

Cell Function: 
​Diffusion and Osmosis

4. Cell Membrane Adhesion Proteins 
​form connections between cells and between cells and their extracellular matrix. 

fungal

the cell/plasma  membrane 
​fluid mosaic model 

neurotransmitters relay information from one cell to another across a synapse separating the two cells.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy
cell-based gene therapy alters the genes of  a person's ​T cells to fight specific cancers.

btw...

solution =
solute + solvent

                                                  Cancer cells exhibit: 
     1. increased angiogenesis   2. abnormal nuclei   3. lack of contact inhibition  4.lack of differentiation

btw...

btw...

we will explore this topic in lab Wednesday, 10/25