if bacteria don't have mitochondria,
how do they process energy??

Protein Synthesis:
Step 2: Translation

substrate level phosphorylation
​ADP + P -> ATP

ATP synthase transfers the energy from the concentration gradient of the ETC to a molecule of ATP by bonding P to ADP. 

fyi...for real!

So... cellular respiration transfers the energy harvested from the bonds of a glucose molecule to the bonds of ATP molecules.
​whew!

Sickle Cell Disease:
A mutation in the gene that codes for the hemoglobin protein causes Sickle Cell  Disease.
This mutation changes one nucleotide in the gene that codes for the hemoglobin protein. 
This one nucleotide change causes a different amino acid to be substituted in the sequence of amino acids in the hemoglobin protein which is enough to completely change the structure of that protein which alters its function. The  resulting protein, made using the code from this mutated gene does not function...all because of ONE nucleotide difference! 

endosymbiotic theory

shapes of bacteria

fyi...for real!

the CODE ​ 

what about archaea...?

Many prokaryotes can perform aerobic cellular respiration by transporting
electrons across their cell membrane. Even though they don't have mitochondria, bacteria can produce ATP energy via glycolysis and by also generating a concentration gradient of H protons across their cell membranes. Structures called mesosomes perform the function of mitochondria in bacteria. Mesosomes 
 increase the surface area of the cell's membrane (analogous to the cristae in the
mitocondria) which increases the area available for respiration. 

current members of Domain Archaea used to be classified as bacteria in Domain Bacteria and at the time were called archaebacteria. however, archaea display a different biochemistry and evolutionary history from bacteria (eubacteria). still, ​both are prokaryotes. 
Archaea can be found in tough environments such as salt lakes (halophiles), swamps and marsh (methanogens) and hot springs (thermophils).

Cell Function: Protein Synthesis 

how does antibiotic resistance happen?

Gram +     vs       Gram -

How does a particular tRNA "know" which of the 20 amino acids (shown to the right) to carry?

It's all about the codon of that tRNA. The codon determines which of the20 amino acids that tRNA carries to the ribosome. 

 bacterial cell division

three different sequences = three different structures = three different functions

prokaryotic cell vs eukaryotic cell

Gut bacteria produce hundreds of neurochemicals used by our brains to regulate many physiological and mental processes such as learning, memory and mood. Gut bacteria manufacture about 95 percent of the body's supply of serotonin!

Cellular Respiration
Step 2: Krebs (TCA) Cycle
2 pyruvate (3C each) ---> 6CO2 + NADH/FADH2 + ATP

pathogenic   vs    symbiotic

chemiosmotic phosphorylation
ADP + P -> ATP

structure/function

antibiotics

Penicillin works by inhibiting the formation of the peptidoglycan layer of the bacterial cell wall.
The peptidoglycan is weakened causing it to become vulnerable to lysis via osmosis.
Gram +  bacteria are more susceptible because of their cell wall structure. 

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for tissues, glands and membranes

and remember.... it's the sequence of amino acids that determines the structure of a protein (why?) which then determines that protein's function.
​different sequence = different structure = different function

The hydrogen from the NADH and FADH2 (originally from the glucose molecule...NADH/FADH2 carry the H from the Kreb cycle to the ETC) is transferred along a series of acceptors via redox reactions. Energy is released as this occurs which pushes H+ across the inner membrane of the mitochondria setting up a concentration gradient. The H+ then moves back across the membrane through the ATP Synthase (think water wheel) which uses the kinetic energy of this movement to bond P to ADP. The last acceptor for the H that has travelled down the chain is oxygen which bonds to H to form water. 

Protein Synthesis:
Step 1: Transcription 

Bacteria

the AMAZING cell!

Cellular Respiration
Step 3: Electron Transport Chain
NADH/FADH2 + O2 ---> H2O + ATP

fyi...for real!