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 and even our 
​emotional well being

bacteria exhibit many different shapes

and are found in many locations

when were microbes "discovered"?

van Leeuwenhoek in the 1670s explored microbial life with a single-lensed microscope. He originally referred to them as dierkens (tiny animals). 

utilize growth medium

 Clostridium tetani is the genus Clostridium, which is a broad group of Gram-positive bacteria. 

1857 - 1914

here are some amazing stats...

including...

 ok, so how do we
classify
life...?
taxonomy 

evolution of the germ theory of disease:
 microbes known as pathogens or "germs" can cause disease. 

what is a microbe?

pathogen vs not: foe vs friend

now let's review how science is "done"...

microscopy

how will we identify these microbes?

we'll discuss later in the semester how our microbiome affects health...and disease

strains of C. botulinum are labelled based on the type of toxin they produce;
categorized from A to G, with types A, B, E, and occasionally F being the ones most commonly associated with human botulism.

follow aseptic technique 

 Other bacteria in the genus Clostridium are C. botulinum and C. perfringens. 

 microbiome = is the entire habitat
 microbiota = is the microorganisms that
                             live in that environment

we possess an enormous
microbiome consisting of microbes that can be   commensalistic, 
​mutualistic...

​or pathogenic

         who are they???
                               where are they???

                                    ​what do they do???

 how does
Domain Bacteria

and
​Domain Archae differ?

and specifically...

 and in Domain Eukarya...
​there are 4 Kingdoms

culture

a strain is a genetic variation of the same species. this subset of a bacterial species has a minor but identifiable difference from other bacteria in the same species. 

 what are the 3
 domains...? 

where do you find   microbes?

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 we will focus on Domain Bacteria

in this class...

culture

and view microbes under a microscope

what role do microbes play in our eco/biosystems?

a very brief history
of microbiology

how is a species
different from a
strain?

allllllll

to allow identification of microbes!

Hooke discovered "cells" by observing the honeycomb structure of cork tissue under a microscope. He called the teeny  chambers called "cells" because they reminded him of the cells in a monastery.
​Hooke designed compound microscopes with two lenses, one near the specimen and one near the observer's eye. He was one of the first scientists to use microscopes to study living things. 

bacterial species exhibits a similar morphology and a 70% DNA match to other bacteria in their genus.

colony = a group of cells that are identical to the parent cell 

 C. perfringens causes generally mild 
​food poisoning.
You usually get it from eating contaminated meat or poultry that’s been left out for too long. 

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C. botulinum cause botulism, a deadly form of food poisoning. These bacteria ae anaerobic, meaning they thrive in low O2  conditions. 

 for example...
​puppies!

produce and streak agar plates

Fracastoro proposed that disease is caused by a different type of rapidly multiplying minute body "contagion" and that these bodies are transferred from the infector to the infected in three ways: by direct 
contact with the infected, by contact with their clothes or carried by the air.

1. What is a microbe. Give two examples of a microbe.
2. Are all microbes pathogenic. What does this mean?
​3. Give two examples of the roles microbes play in our ecosysytems. 
4. ​Describe the role Pasteur and Koch played in understanding microbes.

5. Explain the scientific process. How is a scientific law different than a scientific theory?

6. Describe Linneaus' system of identifying organisms.
7. What are the four kingdoms of Domain Eukarya?
What does each kingdom have in common?
8. How is Domain Archae different from Domain Bacteria?
​9. What is a strain of bacteria?
​10. What is meant when we discuss our microbiome?
What are some duties of specific microbiota?
11. In our class this semester, we will examine/identify microbes by completing three general steps. Describe each step.

Semmelweis was an
obstetrician who
showed that "childbed" fever was caused by an infection introduced into the birth canal from outside, which could be prevented by chlorinous disinfection of the hands of the obstetricians and midwives.
Considered the father is antiseptic technique. 

then comes the "golden age" of mircobiology...

the miasma theory proposed that infectious diseases were caused by noxious vapors or "miasmas" in the air. This theory was widely accepted from the ancient Greek period until the mid-19th century.

 and how the scientific method leads to the development of scientific  laws and theories...

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stain microbes

these microbiota have many tasks...

are all microbes pathogenic? 

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additional interesting supplemental info for you to ponder...
After reading the comprehensive case on page 31, answer questions 1,2,4 and 5 

in our lab,
​we  will learn in lab how to:

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for example:

spontaneous generation vs biogenesis

our goal:
 explore how the field of microbiology evolved

questions to consider

pathogenicity
​ is the ability of a microorganism to cause disease in another organism. 
A microorganism that can cause disease is called a pathogen.

stain