if ligand = neurotransmitter 

with a very dynamic phospholipid bilayer

The Endocannabinoid (EC) System
Cannabinoids are naturally occurring molecules. They interact with neuron receptors in a sort of backward way. Cannabinoids are released by postsynaptic neurons and travel to the presynaptic neuron where they attach to cannabinoid receptors to modulate that neurons release of neurotransmitters. By acting on presynaptic cells, they act as a “dimmer switch” for these neurons, reducing the amount of neurotransmitter they release.  THC from marijuana overtakes the EC system by attaching to cannabinoid receptors throughout the brain and other parts of the body, interfering with the fine tuning of the naturally occurring cannabinoids. Cannabinoid receptors are all over the body so THC intake results in many alterations throughout the body.
(Cannabis sativa's active ingredient = delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC))

The presence of membrane recognition proteins (antigens)  creates a problem during organ transplantation. In order to try to transplant an organ or tissue from one person to another, the donor must be a close match with regards to these antigens. A person’s HLA complex is genetically inherited from their parents (50% from each parent), so you are more likely to have stronger matches with your siblings than with a random member of the population. Each pair of siblings still only has a 25% chance of matching perfectly. Having a perfect match with an unrelated person is < 1 in 100,000.
Thus, the closer the match between two people (think identical twins), the less likely the recipient’s immune system will attack the donor’s cells. Sometimes our WBC’s attack our own cells which causesd an auto-immune condition/disease. The WBCs cannot distinguish between cells that belong and cells that do not and so develop antibodies against its own body's cells. 

click on Cells Alive
​to explore the cell

animal

Mesenchymal (adult/non-embryonmic) Stem Cells
1. Bone marrow is the main source of MSCs
(multipotent SC) 
2. Cord cells/hematopoietic stem cells
3. Tooth bud of 3rd mandibular molar
4. Amniotic fluid/placental cells

clinical/non-clinical drugs and neurotransmitter action

btw...

2. Meiosis

actual apoptotic pathway

btw...

Eukaryotic cells: animal, plant, protist, fungi

other terms:
spindle fibers
​centrioles
cleavage furrow
​cytokinesis

2. Cell Membrane Receptor Proteins
are cell surface proteins which permit hormones or neurotransmitters  to attach to the surface of a cell. ​Hormones and neurotransmitters are called ligands. When they bind to the receptor proteins, the activity of the cell to which they attach is altered. ​This is called signal transduction. Receptor sites are specific. There are different receptor sites for different hormones and neurotransmitters. A cell might have 20 different types of receptor sites while another might have just one.  The type of receptor site a target cell has determines what type of hormone or neurotransmitter can affect (or not affect) the cell.

Cancer = unregulated mitotic growth

  there isn't an 
  Ethical Consistency
between the unregulated use of embryos for IVF and the societal outrage when discarded IVF embryos are used in stem cell research 

passive transport

              channel proteins may:
1. always open              OR

2. be gated
     a. ligand gated: require a ligand molecule to            bind to it to open the channel
     b. mechanically gated: require pressure to
          pop open channel
     c. voltage gated: requires an electrical
          impulse to trigger it to open

3. Membrane recognition proteins
are also called antigens, cell identity markers, Major Histocompatibility Proteins (MHC’s) or Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLAs).  We all have a unique set of these proteins on the surface of our  cells.
​  They permit your immune system's WBCs to identify which cells belong to you vs which ones do not.
This is helpful when you are infected with bacteria or viruses or foreign parasite.

During Interphase each of he 46 chromosomes replicate
Chromosomes while attached to their copy at the centromere are called chromatids

3. a lack of contact inhibition

2. abnormal nuclei

clinical depression
=
neurotransmitter deficiency

 Stem Cells:
​1. totipotent   2. pluripotent   3. multipotent

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that binds to specialized dopamine receptors on a post synaptic neuron. Transporter proteins remove dopamine from the synapse to be recycled for future use. Cocaine acts by binding to the dopamine transporter, blocking the removal of dopamine from the synapse. As dopamine accumulates in the synapse, it amplifies the neurotransmitter's actions. 

cell structure matches cell function.
​a muscle cell has a very different structure AND function ​vs a nerve cell. 

btw...

solution =
solute + solvent

quicky apoptotic pathway

Normal saline solution can be administered via an IV.  0.9% Normal Saline is one of the most common IV fluids along with Ringer's and Plasma-Lyte (less sodium than NS + other electrolytes). These IVs are given when hydration is necessary; hemorrhage, vomiting, diarrhea,  acidosis, or shock to name a few.
Why would you as a medical provider give your patient a 
​saline IV drip instead of a drip of plain water?

why don't all of our cells have the same structure??

this info will be on assessment #1

the MHC
​(major histocompatibility complex) is different for every person which is why organ/tissue transplants are difficult. Cells with MHC proteins
(= antigens & recognition proteins)
that are different from "self" are attacked by the immune system which does not recognize them as self but as foreign invaders and therefore dangerous. 

btw...

btw...

 1. increased angiogenesis

btw...

we will explore the differences among cells during our microscopy lab Wednesday, 9/13

btw...

energy
​output required
​ by cell

example: insulin

specific organelles will be explored in detail when we explore their functions:
nucleus, ER & ribosomes- during protein synthesis lectures and cell division lab
mitochondria- during cellular respiration
chloroplast - during photosynthesis

btw...

if ligand = hormone 

4. Cell Membrane Adhesion Proteins 
​form connections between cells and between cells and their extracellular matrix. 

plant

we will explore this topic in lab Wednesday, 9/20

Induced pluripotent stem cells/IPSCs
genetically reprogram genes in adult cells
to act similarly to embryonic stem cells.
Adverse effects (cancers) a major concern.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

btw...

end of cell structure/function

btw...

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy
cell-based gene therapy alters the genes of  a person's ​T cells to fight specific cancers.

Transport Protein: Channel 

SSRIs work to maintain normal levels of serotonin in the cleft.

SSRIs are commonly called anti-depressants

Cell Function: 
​Diffusion and Osmosis

btw...

why is crossing over sooo important??

fungal

1. Cell Membrane Transport Proteins
are proteins which permit ions or molecules to enter/exit the cell via passive or active tranport. 

There is an association between the HLA genes) and autoimmune diseases. Components of the HLA class II encoded HLA-DRB1-DQA1-DQB1 haplotype has ​been linked to several AIDs such as rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes and Graves' disease.

4. ​a lack of differentiation

improper cell adhesion results in many diseases such as arthritis, atherosclerosis, osteoporosis and cancer. cancer cells have few adhesion proteins which allow these cells to mess up tissue structure and metastasize to other tissues. 

The Structure and Function of Our Cells

btw...

neurotransmitters relay information from one cell to another across a synapse separating the two cells.

we will explore this topic in lab Wednesday, 10/25

btw...

1. Totipotent stem cells can form all the cell types in a body, plus the placental cells. Embryonic cells within the first couple of cell divisions after fertilization are the only cells that are totipotent.
2. Pluripotent stem cells can give rise to all of the cell types that make up the body; stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastula are considered pluripotent.
3. Multipotent stem cells can develop into more than one cell type, but are much more limited than pluripotent cells; adult stem cells and cord blood stem cells are considered multipotent.

btw...

no energy
​output required
​by cell

btw...

btw...

1. Mitosis 

btw...

active transport

Transport Protein: Carrier

btw...what's exocytosis?

Cell Function: Cell Division
 1. Mitosis = division of somatic cells resulting in two x 2n daughter cells
2. Meiosis = division of germ cells resulting in production of 4 x 1n cells

 cell ​membrane proteins:
 1. transport    2. receptor    3. recognition    4. adhesion

prokaryotic cell
(bacteria):
​no nucleus

                                                  Cancer cells exhibit: 
     1. increased angiogenesis   2. abnormal nuclei   3. lack of contact inhibition  4.lack of differentiation

cell adhesion proteins permit cells to stick  to one another and/or to the extracellular matrix. these molecules are essential for cell to cell communication and play a rile in cellular reproduction and differentiation. 

current/potential therapies

this info will be on assessment #1

btw...

types of neurotransmitters

btw...

the cell/plasma  membrane fluid mosaic model 

protist