review question:
what is the purpose of a membrane receptor protein? What role do ligands play?

 Stem Cells:
​1. totipotent   2. pluripotent   3. multipotent

review question:
describe the four characteristics of cancer cells.

if ligand is a ​neurotransmitter 

= signal transduction

 a very dynamic phospholipid bilayer

The presence of membrane recognition proteins (antigens) allows your body to recognize pathogens.
BUT
This is a problem during organ transplantation. In order to try to transplant an organ or tissue from one person to another, the donor must be a close match with regards to these antigens. A person’s HLA complex is genetically inherited from their parents (50% from each parent), so you are more likely to have stronger matches with your siblings than with a random member of the population. Each pair of siblings still only has a 25% chance of matching perfectly. Having a perfect match with an unrelated person is < 1 in 100,000.
Thus, the closer the match between two people (think identical twins), the less likely the recipient’s immune system will attack the donor’s cells. 

comparing mitosis to meiosis

eukaryotic cells are: 

click on Cells Alive
​to explore the cell

animal

Mesenchymal (adult/non-embryonmic) Stem Cells
​are multipotent:
1. Bone marrow is the main source of MSCs
(multipotent SC) 
2. Cord cells/hematopoietic stem cells
3. Tooth bud of 3rd mandibular molar
4. Amniotic fluid/placental cells

clinical/non-clinical drugs and neurotransmitter action

review question:
describe the three types of gated transport proteins.

2. Meiosis

without insulin, glucose cannot enter the cell

2. Cell Membrane Receptor Proteins
permit hormones or neurotransmitters to attach to the surface of a cell. ​
Hormones and neurotransmitters are called ligands.
When they bind to the receptor proteins, the activity of the cell to which they attach is altered. ​This is called signal transduction. Receptor sites are specific. There are different receptor sites for different hormones and neurotransmitters. A cell might have 20 different types of receptor sites while another might have just one.  The type of receptor site a target cell has determines what type of hormone or neurotransmitter can affect (or not affect) the cell.

Cancer = unregulated mitosis

37,000,000,000,000 cells in the human body

Autoimmune diseases (>100) occur when the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues because it doesn't "recognize" the recognition proteins on its own cells. , This leads to chronic inflammation and damage.

review question:
explain how the three types of stem cells are diferent.

not required...

we'll do this another time

passive transport

                    transport proteins may be:
1. always open
​              OR

2. gated
     a. ligand gated: require a ligand molecule to            bind to it to open the channel
     b. mechanically gated: require pressure to
          pop open channel
     c. voltage gated: requires an electrical
          impulse to trigger it to open

not required...

we'll do this another time

3. Cell Membrane Recognition proteins
are also called antigens,
Major Histocompatibility Proteins (MHC’s) or Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLAs).  
We all have a unique set of these proteins on the surface of our cells.
​  They permit your immune system to identify which cells belong to you vs those that do not.
This way your immune system can recognize pathogens like bacteria or viruses.

hydrophilic phosphate

3. a lack of contact inhibition

review question:
what is the purpose of mitosis?
meiosis? how do the products of one process differ from the other? 

2. abnormal nuclei

clinical depression
=
neurotransmitter deficiency

 Stem Cells

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that binds to specialized dopamine receptors on a post synaptic neuron. Transporter proteins remove dopamine from the synapse to be recycled for future use. 
Cocaine acts by binding to the dopamine transporter, blocking the removal of dopamine from the synapse. As dopamine accumulates in the synapse, it amplifies the neurotransmitter's actions. 

and...approximately one third of all cryopreserved embryos are discarded or abandoned.

apoptosis

review question:
describe the function of a membrane recognition protein.

100,000,000,000,000 atoms
​in each human cell

 1. increased angiogenesis

energy
​output required
​ by cell

example: insulin

replace one fatty acid with one phosphate group

if ligand is a hormone 

4. Cell Membrane Adhesion Proteins 
​form connections between cells and between cells and their extracellular matrix. 

plant

review question:
list the four types of membrane proteins.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

let's just be ethically consistent... 

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy
cell-based gene therapy alters the genes of  a person's ​T cells to fight specific cancers.

 insulin triggers the cell to insert GLUT channels into the membrane allowing glucose to enter the cell

new cancer therapies

what percentage of IVF pregnancies result in live birth? the live-birth rate for the first cycle was 29.5% 
cited by National Libray of Medicine

Transport Protein: Channel 

SSRIs work to maintain normal levels of serotonin in the cleft.

SSRIs are commonly called anti-depressants

why is crossing over sooo important??

review question:
explain how a hormone allows a cell
​ to import glucose?

fungal

review question:
why don't all cells exhibit cell membrane adhesion proteins?

The Endocannabinoid (EC) System
Cannabinoids are naturally occurring molecules.
​They interact with neuron receptors in a sort of backward way. Cannabinoids are released by postsynaptic neurons and travel to the presynaptic neuron where they attach to cannabinoid receptors to modulate that neurons release of neurotransmitters. By acting on presynaptic cells, they act as a “dimmer switch” for these neurons, reducing the amount of neurotransmitter they release.  
​THC from marijuana overtakes the EC system by attaching to cannabinoid receptors throughout the brain and other parts of the body, interfering with the fine tuning of the naturally occurring cannabinoids. Cannabinoid receptors are all over the body so THC intake results in many alterations throughout the body.
(Cannabis sativa's active ingredient =
​delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC))

review question:
how do recognition ​proteins (antigens) factor into the success of a tissue transplant?

1. Cell Membrane Transport Proteins
are proteins which permit ions or molecules to enter/exit the cell via passive or active tranport. 

4. ​a lack of differentiation

neurotransmitters relay information from one cell to another across a synapse separating the two cells.

improper cell adhesion results in many diseases such as arthritis, atherosclerosis, osteoporosis and cancer. cancer cells have few adhesion proteins which allow these cells to mess up tissue structure and metastasize to other tissues. 

eukaryotic cells

1. Totipotent stem cells can form all the cell types in a body, plus the placental cells. Embryonic cells within the first couple of cell divisions after fertilization are the only cells that are totipotent.
2. Pluripotent stem cells can give rise to all of the cell types that make up the body; stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastula are considered pluripotent.
3. Multipotent stem cells can develop into more than one cell type, but are much more limited than pluripotent cells; adult stem cells and cord blood stem cells are considered multipotent.

no energy
​output required
​by cell

not required...

we'll do this another time

review question:
explain how a neurotransmitter
​ functions as a ligand.

1. Mitosis 

but 40,000,000,000,000 bacteria in the human body

active transport

Transport Protein: Carrier

btw...what's exocytosis?

Cell Division
 1. Mitosis = division of somatic cells resulting in two x 2n daughter cells
2. Meiosis = division of germ cells resulting in production of 4 x 1n cells

 imbedded cell ​membrane proteins:
 1. transport    2. receptor    3. recognition    4. adhesion

                                                  Cancer cells exhibit: 
     1. increased angiogenesis   2. abnormal nuclei   3. lack of contact inhibition  4.lack of differentiation

 pluripotent stem cells in medical research

hydrophobic
​fatty acids

cell adhesion proteins permit cells to stick  to one another and/or to the extracellular matrix. these molecules are essential for cell to cell communication and play a rile in cellular reproduction and differentiation. 

review question:
explain the structure of a phospholipid and why these molecules will arrange themselves into a bilayer.

types of neurotransmitters

review question:
explain how a neurotransmitter relays information from one neuron to another.

the cell membrane 

protist