Welcome to Dr. Kate Brilakis' Learning Portal
review question:
how is the code of a gene related to the function of a protein?
carbohydrates
(C6H12O6)2 = disaccharide
lipids
Most biological processes have ALOT of "steps".
each step is facilitated by a different enzyme.
(C6H12O6)3+ = polysaccharide
The mucopolysaccharidoses are a group of inherited diseases in which a defective or missing enzyme causes toxic molecules to accumulate in cells. As a result, progressive damage is done to the heart, bones, joints, respiratory system and central nervous system. The the disease is not apparent at birth but signs and symptoms develop with age as more cells become damaged. It is estimated that one in every 25,000 babies born in the United States has some form of MPS.
how are organic polymers made and how are they broken down??
each amino acid behaves differently because its R group has unique properties
IDUA gene
review question:
why are enzymatic reactions regulated?
chromosome 4
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MPS
how the amino acid chain folds determines the proteins shape...its structure
Structure/shape of a protein determines its Function!
a mutation = an error in the DNA sequence, the "code"
review question:
in biochemical formulas,
the word enzyme is written above the arrow. why?
a HEXA gene mutation causes a deficiency of the enzyme
beta-hexosaminidase A
which is necessary for the break down of a fatty molecule called GM2 ganglioside. The ganglioside accumulates and damages the brain.
review question:
how would a mutation in a gene cause an enzyme deficiency disease?
This ---------------------->
is a triglyceride =
1 glycerol monomer + 3 fatty acid monomers
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review question:
describe the process that builds polymers.
lactose
review question:
what is meant by DNA's code?
an enzyme has an activation site which fits only a substrate molecule with a specific shape.
lock and key
nucleic acids
IDUA protein
Enzymes
sucrose
review question:
how are all 20 amino acids similar? how are they different?
saturated
vs unsaturated fats
review question:
how are starch and cellulose similar? different?
a specific gene "codes" for a specific protein by serving as the instruction book to assemble amino acids into proteins.
what happens if this "code" is wrong?
the sequence of the DNA nucleotides = the "CODE"
RNA acts as a messenger
"go between" with DNA in the nucleus and the protein factory in the cytoplasm
A only pairs with T
C only pairs with G
if the sequence of the amino acids determines the structure and function of a protein, what determines the sequence of the amino acids?
are you...
vs
break polymers apart into monomers by severing the bond between monomers and using H2O to "seal" the raw edges.
review question:
how could a mutation in the DNA cause disease?
both parents must be carriers to have an affected child
carbohydrates
review question:
describe the process that degrades polymers.
DNA
bond monomers together to form polymers by removing
H , OH so monomers bond with one another.
there are 20 different amino acids, each with an "R" group that makes the amino acid unique.
the chemistry of organic molecules
Tay Sachs Disease
phospholipids
a single mutation in the gene that codes for making hemoglobin protein leads t o sickle cell disease
the gene IDUA provides the instructions for making an enzyme called alpha-L-iduronidase which is essential for breaking down the GAG sugar molecules. A deficiency in this enzyme is caused by mutations in the IDUA gene. This causes the lysosomal storage disorder Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I
THIS IS WHAT DNA "DOES"...
pathologies
occur when there are deficiencies in enzyme production such as...
MPS is another enzyme deficiency disease
a mutation at one spot in the HEXA gene throws off the entire amino acid sequence so the protein does not fold correctly and therefor its function is messed up.
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review question: explain why enzymes are so important to biological systems.
catabolic (degradative) enzymatic reaction:
enzyme
substrate ---------------> product + product
<- this is a nucleotide
the monomers used to make proteins are called amino acids or peptides
the HEXA gene is found on chromosome 15
Proteins
enzymes facilitate chemical reactions so that less time & less energy is needed
review question:
what is the formula for a monosaccharide? how is glucose an isomer of fructose?
mutations may lead to an error in how the amino acids are lined up when making a protein. If the amino acid sequence is wrong, the chain of amino acids will fold differently causing the protein to have a different shape causing the protein to have a different function
proteins
GAGs = glycosaminoglycans
amino acids are linked together to form long chains called polypeptides
the sequence in which amino acids are linked together will determine how their R groups interact with their neighbors and ultimately how that chain of amino acids folds
these nucleotides are arranged in pairs to form DNA "ladder"
review question:
explain how saturated fats are structurally different from unsaturated fats.
a specific DNA sequence = a gene
Here is the formula for a general enzymatic reaction:
enzyme
substrate -------------------> product
C6H12O6= monosaccharide
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there are four different versions of this DNA nucleotide: A,T,C,G
trans fats not only raise LDL ("bad") cholesterol levels (as saturated fats also do), they also lower levels of HDL ("good") cholesterol.
DNA!
this "code" determines
which amino acids line up in a polypeptide chain and in what order/sequence they are arranged
this --->
is a mono-unsaturated fat
DNA and RNA are nucleic acid polymers made of monomers called nucleotides
why would it be necessary to regulate the activity of an enzyme?
review question:
explain how the sequence of the amino acid chain determines the structure and function of the protein.
Phospholipids:
made from one glycerol, TWO fatty acids and one phosphate group. Phospholipids make up allll cell membranes
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some amino acids can't be made by our cells = essential amino acids
review question:
what two monomers
make sucrose?
lactose?
are all fats "bad"?
these processes are used to create and degrade...
anabolic (synthetic) enzymatic reaction:
enzyme
substrate + substrate ------------> product
Lipids (fats)