(C6H12O6)2 = disaccharide

            Most  biological processes have ALOT of       
       "steps", each facilitated by a different enzyme. 

 how are organic polymers made and how are they broken down??

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The sequence of the amino acids determines how those amino acids interact with one another which determines how the protein folds which determines its final shape/structure.
Structure/shape of a protein determines its Function! 

a mutation = an error in the DNA sequence

basic structure of a nucleotide

  A HEXA gene mutation causes a deficiency of the enzyme beta-hexosaminidase A which is necessary for the break down of a fatty molecule called GM2 ganglioside. The ganglioside accumulates and damages the brain.

This ------------------------------->
is a triglyceride  =
​One glycerol monomer and three fatty acid monomers

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 nucleic acids 

         Enzymes

but what if the sequence of  this gene is "wrong"?

​mutation!

a specific gene "codes" for a specific protein by serving as the instruction book to assemble amino acids into proteins. 

the sequence of the DNA nucleotides determines
the sequence of the amino acids in a protein using another nucleic acid called RNA as a go between

A pairs with T
C pairs with G

if the sequence of the amino acids determines the structure and function of a protein,
​what determines the sequence of the amino acids?
​DNA!

are you...

break polymers apart into monomers by severing the bond between monomers and using H2O to "seal" the  raw edges. 

Carbohydrates

bond monomers together to form polymers by removing
H , OH  so monomers bond with one another.

(C6H12O6)n = polysaccharides

there are 20 different amino acids, each with an "R" group that makes the amino acid unique. 

the chemistry of ​organic molecules

Tay Sachs Disease

phospholipid

   forces occur between amino acids 
   in a polypeptide including:
1. Hydrophobic interactions
2.  Hydrogen bonding
3.  Ionic bonding
4. Disulfide bridge

why??

             ...and many pathologies occur when there are deficiencies in enzyme production such as...

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    Here is the formula for a catabolic (degradative) enzymatic reaction:
                              enzyme
    substrate  ------------------->  product + product​

the monomers used to make proteins are called amino acids
​(peptides)

Proteins

 mutations may lead to an error in how the amino acids are lined up when making a protein.

If the amino acid sequence is wrong, the chain of amino acids will fold differently causing the protein to have a different shape causing the protein to have a  different function

triglyceride
​lipid

these nucleotides are arranged in pairs along a double stranded DNA ladder

a specific DNA sequence = a gene

   Here is the formula for a general enzymatic reaction:
                            enzyme
    substrate  ------------------->  product​

C6H12O6= monosaccharide

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this is waaayyyyy important!

there are four different DNA nucleotides: A,T,C,G

trans fats not only raise LDL ("bad") cholesterol levels (as saturated fats also do), they also lower levels of HDL ("good") cholesterol. 

DNA and RNA are nucleic acid polymers
made of monomers called nucleotides

  Regulating enzyme activity...

  Why would  this be necessary??

Phospholipids:
made from one glycerol, TWO fatty acids and one phosphate group. Phospholipids make up allll cell membranes 

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these processes are used to create and degrade
​ lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids

          Here is the formula for an anabolic (synthetic) enzymatic reaction:
                                                enzyme
    substrate + substrate ------------------->  product​

these pairs of nucleotides form a double stranded polymer

Lipids (fats)